Disease and Treatment
The hiatus is an opening in the diaphragm (a muscle separating the abdomen and chest) that the esophagus passes through to reach the stomach. If the hiatus weakens and stretches, part of the stomach and/or the oesophagus can squeeze into the chest cavity, producing a hiatal hernia.
Essentially, there are three types of hiatal her-nias. In a sliding hernia, the lower oesophagus and stomach move...
In some people the kidney is more freely movable than normal, usually when there is a general dropping (or visceroptosis) of the abdominal organs due to weakness of the muscular abdominal walls. The condition is more often seen in women who complain of aching in the loins, with nausea, vomiting and constipation. The kidney on the right side is more commonly affected. The kidneys have usually some...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a viral organism that can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It commonly causes bronchiolitis (inflammation of the lower airways) and pneumonia in children and infants under the age of 1.
For most children and infants, RSV infections can be managed on an outpatient basis. However, about 0.5 to 2% of children and infants who develop RSV may...
During the first few years of life, it's vital to meet a child's nutritional needs in order to ensure proper growth and also to establish a lifelong habit of healthy eating.
Eating a meal should be both a healthy and an enjoyable occasion -a fact that many parents may overlook when planning a meal for their growing children. Instead of a fast meal (especially one short in nutritional value) that...
Disorders that affect joints and their compo-nents-muscles, bones, cartilage, and tendons- -are considered connective tissue diseases because these structures contain large amounts of connective tissue. However, many are also a type of autoimmune disease, involving immune reactions in which something triggers the immune system to react against the body's own tissues and to produce abnormal...
In recent years Drug Addiction has significantly increased in Bangladesh. This agent of human devastation has spread its tentacles worldwide and also in our country. Every intelligent and humane person in the world society and international organisations such as the UN and WHO are alarmed by the present rate of addiction. In our country the regular seizures of stocks of heroin and other hard...
Thrush
Thrush is a fairly common affection occurring in the mouth in bottle-fed infants. White patches are seen on the tongue and lining membrane of the mouth, and the child will probably have sore buttocks. Scrupulous attention should be paid to cleanliness of bottles and teats, these being boiled after each feed and kept immersed in cold boiled water between feeds. The patches in the mouth...
The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. Part of the urinary system, the kidneys filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases affecting the kidney is called nephrology, from the Greek name for the kidney; the adjective meaning "kidney-related" is renal, from the Latin....
Thrush
Thrush is a fairly common affection occurring in the mouth in bottle-fed infants. White patches are seen on the tongue and lining membrane of the mouth, and the child will probably have sore buttocks. Scrupulous attention should be paid to cleanliness of bottles and teats, these being boiled after each feed and kept immersed in cold boiled water between feeds. The patches in the mouth...
New advances in the treatment of skin cancer include the use of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of various skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma. For melanoma, physicians can now perform sentinel node examination and biopsy to determine the extent of spread before there are any visible signs and symptoms.
Can Arsenicosis Lesions Lead to Skin Cancer?
Chronic...
National TB Control Programme
1. National TB Control Programme:
The NTP is an approach within the national health system to control TB.
2.The Aims of the NTP:
The Aims of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme are;
(i) to decrease the spread of TB infection in the community, thereby expediting the elimination of TB from society,
(ii) to cure the individual patients effectively, restore their...
Dermatitis simply means skin inflammation, but it embraces a range of ailments. In most cases the early stages are characterized by dry, red, itchy skin, although acute attacks may result in crusty scales or blisters that ooze fluid. Since many agents can irritate the skin, a doctor will try to narrow the diagnosis to a specific category of dermatitis, even though treatment is similar for most...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. In 15% of patients it affects other areas, causing swollen lymph nodes, pleurisy (inflammation of the membranes around the lungs), and meningitis (inflammation of the inner membranes of the brain and spinal cord). It may also affect the kidneys, urinary tract, genitals, thyroid, bones, and joints. TB in the lungs or throat is...
Symptom Relief
Bronchodilators b2-Agonists: Relax airway smooth muscle through stimulation of b2-adrenoceptors which activate adenylate cyclase leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP and a decrease in intracellular calcium concentration. There are two classes of b2-agonists:
(1) Short-Acting : fenoterol, salbutamol, terbutaline have a rapid onset of action and relieve symptoms for 3 to 6...
1. What is bacterial pneumonia?
Bacterial (bak-TEE-ree-al) pneumonia (noo-MOH-nyah) is when an infection (in-FECK-shun) causes swelling and fluid in the lungs. The fluid in the lungs may make it hard for you to breathe. People with bacterial pneumonia can have symptoms that range from mild to very severe (bad).
2. What causes bacterial pneumonia?
Many different kinds of bacteria (germs) can cause...
Lowering of even mildly or moderately elevated blood pressure significantly reduces cardiovascular morbidity.
Assessment
Blood Pressure :
The British Hypertension Society recommends that all adults should have their blood pressure measured at least every 5 years until the age of 80. Those with high normal values (135-139 over 85-89) or a history of high readings should be remeasured annually....
The human body is at constant war against disease-causing pathogens, or germs, which can enter the body through inhaled air, ingested food and water, broken skin, insect or animal bites, and sexual contact. Once on or inside the body, pathogens try to survive and reproduce. Most do not succeed. Many succumb to the body's internal heat or chemical environment, or to "friendly" bacteria; others are...
The majority of people who have hiatal hernias don't even realize it. Those who do know typically find out when visiting a doctor because of chronic heartburn. Symptoms may include the following:
heartburn; regurgitation.
difficulty swallowing.
chest pain radiating from below the breastbone (the sternum).
a bloated feeling after eating.
shortness of breath.
Call Your Doctor If:
Radiating chest...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus) is an auto-immune disease that results in episodes of inflammation in joints, tendons, and other connective tissues and organs.
Different tissues and organs become inflamed in different people, and the severity of the disease ranges from mild to debilitating, depending on the number and variety of antibodies that appear and the organs affected. About 90 per...
In children, a high percentage of deaths from injury are caused by head injuries and their complications. Severe head injuries may also seriously damage the developing brain, interfering with the child's physical, intellectual, and emotional development and resulting in long-term disabilities. However, most head injuries are minor.
Head injuries are most common in children under age 1 and in...
